Bluebook Citation Guide

Online Source and Website Citations

Cite websites, online reports, and digital sources with proper author, title, and URL format.

Overview

Online sources are cited under Bluebook Rule 18. The format includes the author, title, website name, full URL, and date. For example: Jane Doe, The Future of AI Law, Example Blog (May 3, 2024), https://example.com/ai-law.

If the source is a PDF or report hosted online, cite it as a document with a URL and date. Use a reliable URL and avoid long query strings when possible. Include a "last visited" date only when required by local rules or if the page has no clear publication date.

Online sources should be used carefully in legal writing. Prefer official and stable sources, such as government websites, court opinions, and academic publications.

Formatting Rules

  • Provide the author and title when available, followed by the website name.
  • Include the publication date in parentheses before the URL.
  • Use a stable URL and avoid long tracking parameters.
  • Include "last visited" only when the page lacks a publication date.
  • Prefer official and stable sources for legal writing.

Examples

Web Article

Jane Doe, The Future of AI Law, Example Blog (May 3, 2024), https://example.com/ai-law.

Government Website

Press Release, U.S. Dep't of Justice, DOJ Announces New Policy (Jan. 12, 2023), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/123.

Online Report

Federal Trade Commission, Privacy in the Digital Age 12 (2022), https://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy.pdf.

No Author

About the Court, Supreme Court of the United States, https://www.supremecourt.gov/about (last visited Feb. 2, 2024).

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need a last visited date for websites?

Only when the website does not provide a clear publication or update date, or when local rules require it.

How do I cite a PDF report online?

Cite it like a report with a URL. Include the title, issuing organization, year, and URL.

Should I shorten URLs?

No. Use the full URL unless it is exceptionally long. Avoid URL shorteners in formal legal writing.

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Disclaimer: While this guide follows Bluebook 21st edition rules, always verify citations with official Bluebook resources or your institution's requirements. This content is for educational assistance only.

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