Bluebook Citation Guide

Constitution Citations

Cite the U.S. Constitution and state constitutions with correct article, amendment, and section formatting.

Overview

Constitution citations follow Bluebook Rule 11. The U.S. Constitution is cited by article, section, or amendment using standard abbreviations. For example: U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3 or U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.

State constitutions are cited with the state abbreviation followed by "Const." and the relevant article, section, or amendment. For example: Cal. Const. art. I, § 7. Always verify the correct state abbreviation in Bluebook Table T1.

When citing a specific clause or section, include it after the article or amendment. Use section and clause abbreviations as shown in Bluebook Rule 11.

Formatting Rules

  • Use "U.S. Const." for the federal Constitution.
  • Cite articles, sections, and clauses with abbreviations: art., §, cl.
  • Cite amendments as "amend." followed by the amendment number.
  • For state constitutions, use the state abbreviation plus "Const.".
  • Include subdivisions in the order they appear in the document.

Examples

U.S. Constitution Article

U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3.

U.S. Constitution Amendment

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.

State Constitution

N.Y. Const. art. I, § 11.

State Constitution Amendment

Tex. Const. amend. I.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I cite the Equal Protection Clause?

Use U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. The clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Do I cite clauses in constitutional articles?

Yes. Add the clause number after the section, such as U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3.

How do I cite a state constitution?

Use the state abbreviation followed by Const., then the article and section, such as Cal. Const. art. I, § 7.

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Disclaimer: While this guide follows Bluebook 21st edition rules, always verify citations with official Bluebook resources or your institution's requirements. This content is for educational assistance only.

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