426 U.S. 229 (1976)
Washington v. Davis is a pivotal United States Supreme Court decision that addressed the issue of whether a neutral law that disproportionately affects a racial group constitutes a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Whether a law or policy that has a disparate impact on a racial group violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, or its counterpart under the Fifth Amendment, absent a showing of discriminatory intent.
A facially neutral law does not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment simply because it has a disparate impact on a particular racial group unless there is proof of a racially discriminatory intent or purpose.
The Court held that the plaintiffs failed to prove that the government's administration of 'Test 21' was motivated by a discriminatory intent. Simply showing that the test had a disparate impact was insufficient to establish a constitutional violation.
Washington v. Davis is central to equal protection jurisprudence because it establishes that disparate impact alone is insufficient to demonstrate racial discrimination under the U.S. Constitution. This case directs that plaintiffs must demonstrate intentional discrimination to succeed in these claims. The decision delineates the boundary for when courts may intervene in policy determinations, thus affecting a range of areas from employment law to housing policy. It remains a critical point of reference for law students examining the structure and limitations of constitutional claims of discrimination.