198 U.S. 371 (1905)
United States v. Winans is a seminal Supreme Court case that serves as a cornerstone in the jurisprudence around Native American treaty rights.
Does a state's regulation that restricts tribal fishing practices violate treaty rights established between a Native American tribe and the federal government?
Treaties with Native American tribes are to be interpreted as the tribes themselves understood them and establish rights that cannot be negated unilaterally by state regulation. Such treaties are the 'supreme law of the land' under the U.S. Constitution.
The U.S. Supreme Court held that the state of Washington's regulatory actions were in violation of the treaty rights reserved to the Yakama Nation. The tribe's right to fish at all 'usual and accustomed places' was to be honored and could not be infringed upon by state regulations.
United States v. Winans is significant as it concretely affirms that Native American treaties are more than historical documents; they are living agreements that continue to protect tribal rights. It has influenced numerous subsequent rulings, serving as a central precedent that fortifies tribal sovereignty against state encroachment. For law students, this case underscores the importance of treaty interpretation and the respect due to agreements between sovereign entities. Additionally, it offers insights into the judiciary's role in maintaining checks on state power when it comes to indigenous rights.