501 U.S. 957 (1991)
Harmelin v. Michigan is a cornerstone Eighth Amendment case on whether, and how, the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause limits the severity of noncapital sentences.
Does the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause (1) bar a mandatory life-without-parole sentence as grossly disproportionate for possession of more than 650 grams of cocaine, and/or (2) require individualized sentencing in noncapital cases such that a mandatory LWOP statute is unconstitutional?
In noncapital cases, the Eighth Amendment embodies a narrow proportionality principle that forbids only extreme sentences that are grossly disproportionate to the crime; courts owe substantial deference to legislative policy judgments in setting penalties. Individualized sentencing is not constitutionally required for noncapital offenses; the requirement of individualized consideration of mitigating circumstances is a feature of capital punishment jurisprudence and does not extend to terms-of-years or noncapital life sentences.
Affirmed. The sentence of mandatory life without parole for possession of more than 650 grams of cocaine did not violate the Eighth Amendment. The Court rejected a general proportionality requirement for noncapital sentences (plurality), while the controlling concurrence recognized a narrow proportionality principle and concluded that this sentence was not grossly disproportionate. The Eighth Amendment does not require individualized sentencing in noncapital cases.
Harmelin is a foundational case for understanding proportionality in noncapital sentencing. It preserves a narrow, gross-disproportionality principle while confining robust proportionality and individualized-sentencing requirements largely to capital punishment. The decision strongly defers to legislative judgments about punishment severity for serious crimes—particularly drug offenses—and establishes a high bar for Eighth Amendment challenges to terms-of-years and noncapital life sentences. For students and practitioners, Harmelin frames modern Eighth Amendment doctrine applied in cases such as Ewing v. California and Lockyer v. Andrade (upholding lengthy sentences under three-strikes laws), and it provides the counterpoint to later juvenile-specific decisions like Graham v. Florida and Miller v. Alabama, which carve out special rules for youth. The case also illustrates how to identify the controlling opinion in a fractured decision under Marks, a key skill in constitutional adjudication.